Physics is the science of the natural world that it is about the fundamental components of the universe, the forces that they exercise, and the results of these forces. Does the term come from the Greek (physiké), what does nature mean. Sometimes, in the modern physics, a more sophisticated approach of the elements of the three above-mentioned areas is considered: she relates to the symmetry laws and conservation, such as those pertinent ones the energy, pulse, load and parity. The Physicists study a vast range of physical phenomenons in several length scales: of the subatomic particles of the which the whole matter is originated until the behavior of the material universe as a whole (cosmology).
As science, the Physics makes use of the scientific method. He/she bases essentially on the mathematics and in the logic when of the formulation of its concepts.
In the centuries XVII and XVIII, the Physics studied the lively world and the inanimate world faintly. That it was, simply, the science of the nature.
Then, he/she became the study of the properties and matter interactions and energy; it differs of the Chemistry when working less in general with specific and more substances with the matter, although areas that cross as the physical-chemistry exist.
Besides, the correct delimitação of the field of studies of the Physics is more and more difficult of being established when they make an appointment other areas interdisciplinares as the Biophysics, the Geophysics, the Astrophysics, etc.
Some say that physicists are interested in determining the nature of the space, of the time, of the matter, of the energy and of its interactions. This definition would exclude certain newer areas of the physics, that interagem with the chemistry and the biology.
Others say that Physics is the only fundamental science and that the divisions are conventions (therefore, artificial), although they have practical usefulness. Its argument is simple: the Physics describes the dynamics and configuration of the fundamental particles of the universe. The universe is everything that exists and it is composed of these particles. Then all the phenomenons, eventually approached in another sciences, they could be explained in terms of the physics of these particles, what configures what calls her reducionismo ontológico. He/she suggests himself that could be until the human brain, like this, described by the physics. The consecrated sciences today would be reduced in the following way: A system of division of the Physics can be made being taken into account the magnitude of the object in analysis. The quantum physics is about the universe of the very small, of the atoms and of the particles that compose the atoms; the classic physics is about the objects that we found in our day-to-day; and the physical relativística is about situations that involve great amounts of matter and energy.
The most traditional division, however, it is that done in agreement with the properties more studied in the phenomenons. Of there we have the Mechanics, when they are studied objects starting from its movement or movement absence, and also the conditions that provoke that movement; the Thermodynamics, when they are studied the heat, the work, the properties of the substances, the processes that involve them and the transformations in a way of energy in other; Electromagnetismo when the electric properties are analyzed, those that exist in function of the elétrons flow in the bodies; Ondulatória, that studies the propagation of energy for the space; the Optical, that studies the objects starting from its visual impressions; the Acoustics, that studies the objects starting from the sound impressions; and more some other smaller divisions.
Philosophy of the Physics A lot on the philosophy that involves the physics it can be found in Philosophy, Metaphysics, Science and scientific method. However, peculiar philosophies of the Physics exist.
An example of physical philosophy is Scientific Determinismo, that says that everything that exists doesn't pass of particles and that the movement of those particles is for ever determined when it is determined the position and the speed of the particle in the current moment. That is to say, knowing the position of all the things and its speed, it could be known the whole past and the future. The determinismo stricto sensu doesn't exist in the Quantum Physics, for the which he/she/it can only determine probabilities of positions and speeds, never exact values.
A philosophy example very fort among the physicists is Reducionismo. As that thought line, is possible to write basic laws that describe the behavior of the Universe. Whole knowledge type could be reduced to those basic laws. For example, it is believed that all the chemical phenomenons can be deduced of the Quantum Physics, if the number of involved calculations is viable. One of the Physics purposes, perhaps the main, is to find those basic laws that govern the Universe. Reducionismo places the Physics in the position of the most basic science of whole, because starting from her it would be possible to obtain all the other ones. That means that all the concepts of the other sciences could be reduced to physical concepts. However, unlike what it can seem, that vision doesn't try to characterize the other sciences as useless, because the knowledge of the basic laws doesn't guarantee that is viable to treat complex systems without using of derived concepts of them. For example, many concepts of the Chemistry are useful because it is not viable nor necessary to treat the systems purely with Quantum Physics.
